How have bird species changed from 1880 to now? Bird species abundance and diversity has certainly changed between now and the 1880’s when the Champlain Society was running field courses on Mount Desert Island (MDI). We compared the Champlain Society’s species list that they kept over the 4 year duration they were active on MDI, to the past 4 years of eBird and iNaturalist data from 2018-2021. Today, there are 95 common species on MDI, whereas in the early 1880’s there were only 60 common species. So, the diveristy of regularly occuring species has increased. Table 1 lists all species that were not recorded historically or were rare, but are now common or have increased greatly since the 1880’s. When looking at the changes of the species recorded historically we do see a 26% decrease in these species (Figure 1, Table 3). Table 1 and Table 2 highlight the species with noteable changes over the last 150 years. For a full list of changes to species see Table 4.
Figure 1. This figure shows the number of bird species recorded by the Champlain Society in the 1880’s that have increased, decreased, and showed no change in abundance from the 1880’s to present day. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Table 1. This table shows the species that show noteable increases in abundance since the 1880’s. From this, we can infer that these species have expanded their range likely as a result of cliamte change and landscape change. There are 33 species that are now common on MDI that were not present historically, and 19 species that are uncommon but regular and were not present historically. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Click to show table
| common.name | scientific.name | frequency.1880 | frequency.current | freq.changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black-throated Blue Warbler | Setophaga caerulescens | very rare | common | increased |
| Blue Jay | Cyanocitta cristata | rare | common | increased |
| Brown Creeper | Certhia americana | rare | common | increased |
| Eastern Bluebird | Sialia sialis | very rare | uncommon | increased |
| Eastern Phoebe | Sayornis phoebe | rare | common | increased |
| Red Crossbill | Loxia curvirostra | rare | common | increased |
| Red-tailed Hawk | Buteo jamaicensis | very rare | uncommon | increased |
| Solitary Sandpiper | Tringa solitaria | rare | common | increased |
| Black-bellied Plover | Pluvialis squatarola | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Blackpoll Warbler | Setophaga striata | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Canada Goose | Branta canadensis | not detected | common | increased |
| Cape May Warbler | Setophaga tigrina | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Common Eider | Somateria mollissima | not detected | common | increased |
| Common Grackle | Quiscalus quiscula | not detected | common | increased |
| Common Merganser | Mergus merganser | not detected | common | increased |
| Common Raven | Corvus corax | not detected | common | increased |
| Cooper’s Hawk | Accipiter cooperii | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Double-crested Cormorant | Nannopterum auritum | not detected | common | increased |
| Eastern Towhee | Pipilo erythrophthalmus | not detected | common | increased |
| Eastern Wood-Pewee | Contopus virens | not detected | common | increased |
| European Starling | Sturnus vulgaris | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Gray Catbird | Dumetella carolinensis | not detected | common | increased |
| Great Black-backed Gull | Larus marinus | not detected | common | increased |
| Great Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Great Crested Flycatcher | Myiarchus crinitus | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Great Egret | Ardea alba | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Green-winged Teal | Anas crecca | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Hooded Merganser | Lophodytes cucullatus | not detected | common | increased |
| House Finch | Haemorhous mexicanus | not detected | common | increased |
| House Sparrow | Passer domesticus | not detected | common | increased |
| Laughing Gull | Leucophaeus atricilla | not detected | common | increased |
| Least Flycatcher | Empidonax minimus | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | not detected | common | increased |
| Merlin | Falco columbarius | not detected | common | increased |
| Mourning Dove | Zenaida macroura | not detected | common | increased |
| Nelson’s Sparrow | Ammospiza nelsoni | not detected | common | increased |
| Northern Cardinal | Cardinalis cardinalis | not detected | common | increased |
| Northern Gannet | Morus bassanus | not detected | common | increased |
| Palm Warbler | Setophaga palmarum | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Peregrine Falcon | Falco peregrinus | not detected | common | increased |
| Pileated Woodpecker | Dryocopus pileatus | not detected | common | increased |
| Pine Warbler | Setophaga pinus | not detected | common | increased |
| Red-necked Grebe | Podiceps grisegena | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Ring-billed Gull | Larus delawarensis | not detected | common | increased |
| Rock Pigeon | Columba livia | not detected | common | increased |
| Ruby-crowned Kinglet | Corthylio calendula | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Semipalmated Plover | Charadrius semipalmatus | not detected | common | increased |
| Snowy Egret | Egretta thula | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Swamp Sparrow | Melospiza georgiana | not detected | common | increased |
| Tennessee Warbler | Leiothlypis peregrina | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Tufted Titmouse | Baeolophus bicolor | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Turkey Vulture | Cathartes aura | not detected | common | increased |
| Veery | Catharus fuscescens | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| White-breasted Nuthatch | Sitta carolinensis | not detected | common | increased |
| White-winged Scoter | Melanitta deglandi | not detected | common | increased |
| Wild Turkey | Meleagris gallopavo | not detected | common | increased |
| Wilson’s Storm-Petrel | Oceanites oceanicus | not detected | uncommon | increased |
| Wood Duck | Aix sponsa | not detected | common | increased |
| Wood Thrush | Hylocichla mustelina | not detected | common | increased |
| Yellow-bellied Sapsucker | Sphyrapicus varius | not detected | uncommon | increased |
Figure 2. Black-throated Blue Warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Figure 3. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Figure 4. Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Table 2. This table shows the species that exhibited noteable decreases in abundance since the 1880’s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Click to show table
| common.name | scientific.name | frequency.1880 | frequency.current | freq.changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Woodcock | Scolopax minor | common | rare | decreased |
| Bank Swallow | Riparia riparia | common | rare | decreased |
| Black-billed Cuckoo | Coccyzus erythropthalmus | common | rare | decreased |
| Black-crowned Night-Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | common | very rare | decreased |
| Black-legged Kittiwake | Rissa tridactyla | uncommon | very rare | decreased |
| Canada Warbler | Cardellina canadensis | common | rare | decreased |
| Chimney Swift | Chaetura pelagica | common | rare | decreased |
| Cliff Swallow | Petrochelidon pyrrhonota | common | very rare | decreased |
| Passenger Pigeon | Ectopistes migratorius | rare | extinct | decreased |
| Pine Siskin | Spinus pinus | common | rare | decreased |
| Ruffed Grouse | Bonasa umbellus | common | rare | decreased |
| Yellow-bellied Flycatcher | Empidonax flaviventris | common | rare | decreased |
Figure 5. American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Figure 6. Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Figure 7. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Table 3. This table shows the species we know to have descreased in abundance since the 1880’s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Click to show table
| common.name | scientific.name | frequency.1880 | frequency.current | frequency.changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Woodcock | Scolopax minor | common | rare | decreased |
| Bank Swallow | Riparia riparia | common | rare | decreased |
| Bay-breasted Warbler | Setophaga castanea | common | uncommon | decreased |
| Black-billed Cuckoo | Coccyzus erythropthalmus | common | rare | decreased |
| Black-crowned Night-Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | common | very rare | decreased |
| Black-legged Kittiwake | Rissa tridactyla | uncommon | very rare | decreased |
| Boreal Chickadee | Poecile hudsonicus | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Canada Warbler | Cardellina canadensis | common | rare | decreased |
| Chimney Swift | Chaetura pelagica | common | rare | decreased |
| Eastern Kingbird | Tyrannus tyrannus | uncommon | rare | decreased |
| Indigo Bunting | Passerina cyanea | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Nashville Warbler | Leiothlypis ruficapilla | common | uncommon | decreased |
| Pied-billed Grebe | Podilymbus podiceps | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Pine Siskin | Spinus pinus | common | rare | decreased |
| Ring-necked Duck | Aythya collaris | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Ruddy Turnstone | Arenaria interpres | uncommon | rare | decreased |
| Ruffed Grouse | Bonasa umbellus | common | rare | decreased |
| Short-billed Dowitcher | Limnodromus griseus | uncommon | rare | decreased |
| Yellow-bellied Flycatcher | Empidonax flaviventris | common | rare | decreased |
| Eastern Whip-poor-will | Antrostomus vociferus | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Passenger Pigeon | Ectopistes migratorius | rare | extinct | decreased |
| Cliff Swallow | Petrochelidon pyrrhonota | common | very rare | decreased |
| Purple Martin | Progne subis | rare | very rare | decreased |
Table 4. This table breaks down of all species recorded by the Champlain Society with their frquency status from the 1880’s and today. If you look at the ‘Changes in Frequency’ column you can see how these species have changed from historic times. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.
Click to show table
| common.name | scientific.name | frequency.1880 | frequency.current | frequency.changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alder Flycatcher | Empidonax alnorum | common | common | no change |
| American Bittern | Botaurus lentiginosus | rare | uncommon | increased |
| American Black Duck | Anas rubripes | common | common | no change |
| American Crow | Corvus brachyrhynchos | common | common | no change |
| American Goldfinch | Spinus tristis | common | common | no change |
| American Redstart | Setophaga ruticilla | common | common | no change |
| American Robin | Turdus migratorius | common | common | no change |
| American Woodcock | Scolopax minor | common | rare | decreased |
| Bald Eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | common | common | no change |
| Bank Swallow | Riparia riparia | common | rare | decreased |
| Barn Swallow | Hirundo rustica | common | common | no change |
| Barred Owl | Strix varia | uncommon | common | increased |
| Bay-breasted Warbler | Setophaga castanea | common | uncommon | decreased |
| Belted Kingfisher | Megaceryle alcyon | common | common | no change |
| Black Guillemot | Cepphus grylle | common | common | no change |
| Black Scoter | Melanitta americana | rare | uncommon | increased |
| Black-and-white Warbler | Mniotilta varia | common | common | no change |
| Black-billed Cuckoo | Coccyzus erythropthalmus | common | rare | decreased |
| Black-capped Chickadee | Poecile atricapillus | common | common | no change |
| Black-crowned Night-Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | common | very rare | decreased |
| Black-legged Kittiwake | Rissa tridactyla | uncommon | very rare | decreased |
| Black-throated Green Warbler | Setophaga virens | common | common | no change |
| Blackburnian Warbler | Setophaga fusca | common | common | no change |
| Blue Jay | Cyanocitta cristata | rare | common | increased |
| Blue-headed Vireo | Vireo solitarius | common | common | no change |
| Bobolink | Dolichonyx oryzivorus | uncommon | uncommon | no change |
| Bonaparte’s Gull | Chroicocephalus philadelphia | uncommon | common | increased |
| Boreal Chickadee | Poecile hudsonicus | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Broad-winged Hawk | Buteo platypterus | common | common | no change |
| Brown Creeper | Certhia americana | rare | common | increased |
| Canada Warbler | Cardellina canadensis | common | rare | decreased |
| Cedar Waxwing | Bombycilla cedrorum | common | common | no change |
| Chestnut-sided Warbler | Setophaga pensylvanica | common | common | no change |
| Chimney Swift | Chaetura pelagica | common | rare | decreased |
| Chipping Sparrow | Spizella passerina | common | common | no change |
| Common Loon | Gavia immer | uncommon | common | increased |
| Common Nighthawk | Chordeiles minor | common | common | no change |
| Common Tern | Sterna hirundo | common | common | no change |
| Common Yellowthroat | Geothlypis trichas | common | common | no change |
| Dark-eyed Junco | Junco hyemalis | common | common | no change |
| Downy Woodpecker | Dryobates pubescens | common | common | no change |
| Eastern Kingbird | Tyrannus tyrannus | uncommon | rare | decreased |
| Eastern Phoebe | Sayornis phoebe | rare | common | increased |
| Golden-crowned Kinglet | Regulus satrapa | common | common | no change |
| Great Blue Heron | Ardea herodias | common | common | no change |
| Greater Yellowlegs | Tringa melanoleuca | uncommon | common | increased |
| Hairy Woodpecker | Dryobates villosus | common | common | no change |
| Hermit Thrush | Catharus guttatus | common | common | no change |
| Herring Gull | Larus argentatus | common | common | no change |
| Indigo Bunting | Passerina cyanea | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Leach’s Storm-Petrel | Hydrobates leucorhous | rare | rare | no change |
| Least Sandpiper | Calidris minutilla | common | common | no change |
| Lesser Yellowlegs | Tringa flavipes | uncommon | common | increased |
| Magnolia Warbler | Setophaga magnolia | common | common | no change |
| Nashville Warbler | Leiothlypis ruficapilla | common | uncommon | decreased |
| Northern Flicker | Colaptes auratus | common | common | no change |
| Northern Harrier | Circus hudsonius | rare | uncommon | increased |
| Northern Parula | Setophaga americana | common | common | no change |
| Northern Waterthrush | Parkesia noveboracensis | rare | rare | no change |
| Osprey | Pandion haliaetus | common | common | no change |
| Ovenbird | Seiurus aurocapilla | common | common | no change |
| Pied-billed Grebe | Podilymbus podiceps | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Pine Siskin | Spinus pinus | common | rare | decreased |
| Purple Finch | Haemorhous purpureus | common | common | no change |
| Red Crossbill | Loxia curvirostra | rare | common | increased |
| Red-breasted Nuthatch | Sitta canadensis | common | common | no change |
| Red-eyed Vireo | Vireo olivaceus | common | common | no change |
| Red-winged Blackbird | Agelaius phoeniceus | uncommon | common | increased |
| Ring-necked Duck | Aythya collaris | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Ruby-throated Hummingbird | Archilochus colubris | common | common | no change |
| Ruddy Turnstone | Arenaria interpres | uncommon | rare | decreased |
| Ruffed Grouse | Bonasa umbellus | common | rare | decreased |
| Savannah Sparrow | Passerculus sandwichensis | common | common | no change |
| Semipalmated Sandpiper | Calidris pusilla | common | common | no change |
| Sharp-shinned Hawk | Accipiter striatus | uncommon | common | increased |
| Short-billed Dowitcher | Limnodromus griseus | uncommon | rare | decreased |
| Solitary Sandpiper | Tringa solitaria | rare | common | increased |
| Song Sparrow | Melospiza melodia | common | common | no change |
| Spotted Sandpiper | Actitis macularius | common | common | no change |
| Swainson’s Thrush | Catharus ustulatus | common | common | no change |
| Tree Swallow | Tachycineta bicolor | common | common | no change |
| Vesper Sparrow | Pooecetes gramineus | rare | rare | no change |
| White-throated Sparrow | Zonotrichia albicollis | common | common | no change |
| White-winged Crossbill | Loxia leucoptera | rare | uncommon | increased |
| Wilson’s Warbler | Cardellina pusilla | rare | rare | no change |
| Winter Wren | Troglodytes hiemalis | common | common | no change |
| Yellow Warbler | Setophaga petechia | common | common | no change |
| Yellow-bellied Flycatcher | Empidonax flaviventris | common | rare | decreased |
| Yellow-rumped Warbler | Setophaga coronata | common | common | no change |
| Eastern Whip-poor-will | Antrostomus vociferus | rare | very rare | decreased |
| Passenger Pigeon | Ectopistes migratorius | rare | extinct | decreased |
| Cliff Swallow | Petrochelidon pyrrhonota | common | very rare | decreased |
| Purple Martin | Progne subis | rare | very rare | decreased |
The historical dataset from the Champlain Society was collected from early July through the first week of September 1880-1883. To properly compare these data to modern day, we used eBird and iNaturalist data filtered to the same early July through the first week of Septemeber time frame, and to the same number of years (4) from 2018-2021. To compare how often these species were/are detected, we had to create a qualitative descriptor properly assinged to the species as the historical dataset did not allow for a quantitative analysis. These designations were assigned based on the Champlain Society’s notes, and other sources describing bird abundance around that time. For the modern dataset we used a count of the number of times a species was reported and designated a category based on these bins: < 5 = ‘very rare’, 5 > 20 = ‘rare’, 20 > 50 = ‘uncommon’, > 50 = ‘common.’
During the analysis, we compared these detection frequencies across modern and historic times, and separated into their own tables (the ‘Notably’ increasing or decreasing tables) species with changes greater than one category less common or more common. So, for example if a species was common in the 1880s but is now uncommon, that would not fall into the notable changes. Whereas, if a species was common in the 1880s but is now rare, that would qualify as a noteably decreasing species. Considering the qualitative nature of our data with broad bins in which species were assigned, this makes it very difficult to distinguish fine scale details. So the larger the change the more confident we can be in saying that the species trend we are observing is true.
How have insects species changed from 1900 to now? To answer this question, we first delved into the efforts of the iNaturalist community and compared this to a historical collection of insects compiled by Proctor in the early 1900’s. On the initial look at these data, there was a stark diffence between the two datasets. Proctor had collected 1360 species, while the iNaturalist community over the last 10 years only identified 362 species. A lot of can be contributed to the difference in methods, collection vs. the far less invasive photo documentation of iNaturalist. While iNaturalist methods are much safer and less invasive, there are limiations as many insects can only be identified to species in the hand with equipment such as loops, microscopes, etc. This means we need your help!! Community efforts by citizens scientists are invaluable and can accomplish documentation on scales matched by no other. In order to properly make inferences from the iNaturalist dataset, we need more effort in and around Acadia National Park to document more species that are present in the area.
The modern iNaturalist community identified 274 of the 1360 species (20%) that Proctor documented in the 1900’s. Interestingly, the rest of those 362 species identified by the iNaturalist community (specificially 88 species) were not recorded by Proctor’s efforts were likely not present in the early 1900’s (Table 1). For a full look at the species diversity between all families, see Figure 1.
We also wanted to look more specifically at pollinating insects, and we saw a similar trend to the total dataset. There were 199 pollinating species recorded by iNaturalist, and 762 recorded by Proctor. iNaturalist recorded 134 of the 762 pollinating species (only 10%) that Proctor documented. iNaturalist also identified 65 species that were not recorded by Proctor (Table 2).
Table 1. This table shows the 88 species that the iNaturalist community identified over the past 10 years, that were not recorded by Proctor in the 1900s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by iNaturalist and the National Park Service.
Click to show table
| order | super.family | family | scientific.name | common.name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lepidoptera | Tortricoidea | Tortricidae | Acleris forsskaleana | Maple Leaftier Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Acronicta fallax | Green Marvel |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Acronicta funeralis | Funerary Dagger |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Acronicta insita | Large Gray Dagger |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Acronicta oblinita | Smeared Dagger |
| Lepidoptera | Pyraloidea | Crambidae | Anania hortulata | Small Magpie |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Anatrytone logan | Delaware Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Apantesis figurata | Figured Tiger Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Apantesis virgo | Virgin Tiger Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Zygaenoidea | Limacodidae | Apoda biguttata | Shagreened Slug Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Tortricoidea | Tortricidae | Archips dissitana | Boldly-marked Archips Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Arctia parthenos | St. Lawrence Tiger Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Gelechioidea | Gelechiidae | Arogalea cristifasciella | White Stripe-backed Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Nolidae | Baileya doubledayi | Doubleday’s Baileya Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Bellura obliqua | Cattail Borer Moth |
| Hymenoptera | Apoidea | Apidae | Bombus griseocollis | Brown-belted Bumble Bee |
| Hymenoptera | Apoidea | Apidae | Bombus impatiens | Common Eastern Bumble Bee |
| Lepidoptera | Bombycoidea | Saturniidae | Callosamia promethea | Promethea Silkmoth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Calophasia lunula | Toadflax Brocade Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Carterocephalus mandan | Arctic Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Lycaenidae | Celastrina lucia | Northern Azure |
| Lepidoptera | Tortricoidea | Tortricidae | Cenopis reticulatana | Reticulated Fruitworm Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Chytolita morbidalis | Morbid Owlet |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Coenonympha california | Common Ringlet |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Cycnia tenera | Delicate Cycnia Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Notodontidae | Datana contracta | Contracted Datana Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Pyraloidea | Crambidae | Donacaula longirostrallus | Long-beaked Donacaula Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Doryodes spadaria | Dull Doryodes Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Elaphria alapallida | Pale-winged Midget |
| Lepidoptera | Pyraloidea | Crambidae | Eoparargyractis plevie | |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Epargyreus clarus | Silver-spotted Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Erynnis juvenalis | Juvenal’s Duskywing |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Euchaetes egle | Milkweed Tussock Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Zygaenoidea | Limacodidae | Euclea delphinii | Spiny Oak-slug Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Tortricoidea | Tortricidae | Eucosma ochroterminana | Buff-tipped Eucosma Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Tortricoidea | Tortricidae | Eucosma parmatana | Aster Eucosma Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Eudryas grata | Beautiful Wood-nymph |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Eupsilia vinulenta | Straight-toothed Sallow |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Feltia herilis | Master’s Dart |
| Lepidoptera | Pterophoroidea | Pterophoridae | Geina buscki | Buck’s Plume Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Gelechioidea | Autostichidae | Gerdana caritella | |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Lycaenidae | Glaucopsyche lygdamus | Silvery Blue |
| Lepidoptera | Tortricoidea | Tortricidae | Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum | Dotted Gymnandrosoma Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Haploa clymene | Clymene Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Bombycoidea | Sphingidae | Hemaris aethra | Diervilla Clearwing |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Hypena manalis | Flowing-line Snout |
| Lepidoptera | Pyraloidea | Pyralidae | Hypsopygia olinalis | Yellow-fringed Dolichomia Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Idaea dimidiata | Single-dotted Wave |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Lethe anthedon | Northern Pearly-eye |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Lethe appalachia | Appalachian Brown |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Limenitis arthemis arthemis | American White Admiral |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Lithophane baileyi | Bailey’s Pinion Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Lon hobomok | Hobomok Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Lophocampa caryae | Hickory Tussock Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Lycaenidae | Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas | Eastern American Copper |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Macaria aemulataria | Common Angle |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Macaria pustularia | Lesser Maple Spanworm Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Maliattha synochitis | Black-dotted Glyph |
| Lepidoptera | Bombycoidea | Sphingidae | Manduca sexta | Carolina Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Megisto cymela | Little Wood Satyr |
| Lepidoptera | Pyraloidea | Crambidae | Microcrambus biguttellus | Gold-striped Grass-veneer |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Mycterophora inexplicata | Pale-edged Snout Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Nematocampa resistaria | Horned Spanworm Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Neoligia exhausta | Exhausted Brocade |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Noctua pronuba | Large Yellow Underwing |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Nymphalis l-album | Compton Tortoiseshell |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Oligia strigilis | Marbled Minor |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Panopoda rufimargo | Red-lined Panopoda Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Papilionidae | Papilio canadensis | Canadian Tiger Swallowtail |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Papilionidae | Papilio polyxenes | Black Swallowtail |
| Lepidoptera | Tortricoidea | Tortricidae | Pelochrista derelicta | Derelict Pelochrista Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Phyciodes cocyta | Northern Crescent |
| Lepidoptera | Tortricoidea | Tortricidae | Platynota exasperatana | Exasperating Platynota Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Pyraloidea | Pyralidae | Pococera expandens | Striped Oak Webworm Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Psectraglaea carnosa | Pink Sallow |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Rheumaptera prunivorata | Cherry Scallop Shell Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Lycaenidae | Satyrium liparops | Striped Hairstreak |
| Lepidoptera | Pyraloidea | Crambidae | Scoparia biplagialis | Double-striped Scoparia Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Gelechioidea | Gelechiidae | Scrobipalpula manierreorum | |
| Lepidoptera | Pyraloidea | Crambidae | Sitochroa palealis | Carrot Seed Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Tortricoidea | Tortricidae | Sparganothis tristriata | Three-streaked Sparganothis Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Speyeria cybele | Great Spangled Fritillary |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Sphinx poecila | Northern Apple Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Hepialoidea | Hepialidae | Sthenopis pretiosus | Gold-spotted Ghost Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Thymelicus lineola | Essex Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Xanthotype | Crocus Geometer Moths |
| Hymenoptera | Apoidea | Apidae | Xylocopa virginica | Eastern Carpenter Bee |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Erebidae | Zanclognatha laevigata | Variable Fan-foot |
Table 2. This table shows the 65 pollinating species that the iNaturalist community identified and were not recorded by Proctor in the 1900s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by iNaturalist and the National Park Service.
Click to show table
| order | super.family | family | scientific.name | common.name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hymenoptera | Apoidea | Apidae | Bombus griseocollis | Brown-belted Bumble Bee |
| Hymenoptera | Apoidea | Apidae | Bombus impatiens | Common Eastern Bumble Bee |
| Hymenoptera | Apoidea | Apidae | Xylocopa virginica | Eastern Carpenter Bee |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Idaea dimidiata | Single-dotted Wave |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Macaria aemulataria | Common Angle |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Macaria pustularia | Lesser Maple Spanworm Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Nematocampa resistaria | Horned Spanworm Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Rheumaptera prunivorata | Cherry Scallop Shell Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Geometroidea | Geometridae | Xanthotype | Crocus Geometer Moths |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Anatrytone logan | Delaware Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Carterocephalus mandan | Arctic Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Epargyreus clarus | Silver-spotted Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Erynnis juvenalis | Juvenal’s Duskywing |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Lon hobomok | Hobomok Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Hesperiidae | Thymelicus lineola | Essex Skipper |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Lycaenidae | Celastrina lucia | Northern Azure |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Lycaenidae | Glaucopsyche lygdamus | Silvery Blue |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Lycaenidae | Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas | Eastern American Copper |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Lycaenidae | Satyrium liparops | Striped Hairstreak |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Acronicta fallax | Green Marvel |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Acronicta funeralis | Funerary Dagger |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Acronicta insita | Large Gray Dagger |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Acronicta oblinita | Smeared Dagger |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Bellura obliqua | Cattail Borer Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Calophasia lunula | Toadflax Brocade Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Elaphria alapallida | Pale-winged Midget |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Eudryas grata | Beautiful Wood-nymph |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Eupsilia vinulenta | Straight-toothed Sallow |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Feltia herilis | Master’s Dart |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Lithophane baileyi | Bailey’s Pinion Moth |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Maliattha synochitis | Black-dotted Glyph |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Neoligia exhausta | Exhausted Brocade |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Noctua pronuba | Large Yellow Underwing |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Oligia strigilis | Marbled Minor |
| Lepidoptera | Noctuoidea | Noctuidae | Psectraglaea carnosa | Pink Sallow |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Coenonympha california | Common Ringlet |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Lethe anthedon | Northern Pearly-eye |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Lethe appalachia | Appalachian Brown |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Limenitis arthemis arthemis | American White Admiral |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Megisto cymela | Little Wood Satyr |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Nymphalis l-album | Compton Tortoiseshell |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Phyciodes cocyta | Northern Crescent |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Nymphalidae | Speyeria cybele | Great Spangled Fritillary |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Papilionidae | Papilio canadensis | Canadian Tiger Swallowtail |
| Lepidoptera | Papilionoidea | Papilionidae | Papilio polyxenes | Black Swallowtail |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Aellopos titan | Titan Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Ceratomia undulosa | Waved Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Darapsa choerilus | Azalea Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Dolba hyloeus | Pawpaw Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Eumorpha pandorus | Pandorus Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Bombycoidea | Sphingidae | Hemaris aethra | Diervilla Clearwing |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Hemaris diffinis | Snowberry Clearwing |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Hemaris gracilis | Slender Clearwing |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Hemaris thysbe | Hummingbird Clearwing |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Hyles gallii | Bedstraw Hawkmoth |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Lapara bombycoides | Northern Pine Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Bombycoidea | Sphingidae | Manduca sexta | Carolina Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Pachysphinx modesta | Modest Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Paonias excaecata | Blinded Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Paonias myops | Small-eyed Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Smerinthus cerisyi | One-eyed Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Sphinx chersis | Great Ash Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Sphinx drupiferarum | Wild Cherry Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Sphinx kalmiae | Laurel Sphinx |
| Lepidoptera | Sphingoidea | Sphingidae | Sphinx poecila | Northern Apple Sphinx |
Figure 1. Comparison of the number of species by family from modern iNaturalist data and historical data collected by Proctor in the 1900’s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by iNaturalist and the National Park Service.