Landscape of Change Results

Have Changes Occured Between 1880 and Now?

Birds

Summary

How have bird species changed from 1880 to now? Bird species abundance and diversity has certainly changed between now and the 1880’s when the Champlain Society was running field courses on Mount Desert Island (MDI). We compared the Champlain Society’s species list that they kept over the 4 year duration they were active on MDI, to the past 4 years of eBird and iNaturalist data from 2018-2021. Today, there are 95 common species on MDI, whereas in the early 1880’s there were only 60 common species. So, the diveristy of regularly occuring species has increased. Table 1 lists all species that were not recorded historically or were rare, but are now common or have increased greatly since the 1880’s. When looking at the changes of the species recorded historically we do see a 26% decrease in these species (Figure 1, Table 3). Table 1 and Table 2 highlight the species with noteable changes over the last 150 years. For a full list of changes to species see Table 4.

Species Changes

Figure 1. This figure shows the number of bird species recorded by the Champlain Society in the 1880’s that have increased, decreased, and showed no change in abundance from the 1880’s to present day. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

Notably Increasing Species

Table 1. This table shows the species that show noteable increases in abundance since the 1880’s. From this, we can infer that these species have expanded their range likely as a result of cliamte change and landscape change. There are 33 species that are now common on MDI that were not present historically, and 19 species that are uncommon but regular and were not present historically. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

Click to show table

common.name	scientific.name	frequency.1880	frequency.current	freq.changes
Black-throated Blue Warbler	Setophaga caerulescens	very rare	common	increased
Blue Jay	Cyanocitta cristata	rare	common	increased
Brown Creeper	Certhia americana	rare	common	increased
Eastern Bluebird	Sialia sialis	very rare	uncommon	increased
Eastern Phoebe	Sayornis phoebe	rare	common	increased
Red Crossbill	Loxia curvirostra	rare	common	increased
Red-tailed Hawk	Buteo jamaicensis	very rare	uncommon	increased
Solitary Sandpiper	Tringa solitaria	rare	common	increased
Black-bellied Plover	Pluvialis squatarola	not detected	uncommon	increased
Blackpoll Warbler	Setophaga striata	not detected	uncommon	increased
Canada Goose	Branta canadensis	not detected	common	increased
Cape May Warbler	Setophaga tigrina	not detected	uncommon	increased
Common Eider	Somateria mollissima	not detected	common	increased
Common Grackle	Quiscalus quiscula	not detected	common	increased
Common Merganser	Mergus merganser	not detected	common	increased
Common Raven	Corvus corax	not detected	common	increased
Cooper’s Hawk	Accipiter cooperii	not detected	uncommon	increased
Double-crested Cormorant	Nannopterum auritum	not detected	common	increased
Eastern Towhee	Pipilo erythrophthalmus	not detected	common	increased
Eastern Wood-Pewee	Contopus virens	not detected	common	increased
European Starling	Sturnus vulgaris	not detected	uncommon	increased
Gray Catbird	Dumetella carolinensis	not detected	common	increased
Great Black-backed Gull	Larus marinus	not detected	common	increased
Great Cormorant	Phalacrocorax carbo	not detected	uncommon	increased
Great Crested Flycatcher	Myiarchus crinitus	not detected	uncommon	increased
Great Egret	Ardea alba	not detected	uncommon	increased
Green-winged Teal	Anas crecca	not detected	uncommon	increased
Hooded Merganser	Lophodytes cucullatus	not detected	common	increased
House Finch	Haemorhous mexicanus	not detected	common	increased
House Sparrow	Passer domesticus	not detected	common	increased
Laughing Gull	Leucophaeus atricilla	not detected	common	increased
Least Flycatcher	Empidonax minimus	not detected	uncommon	increased
Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos	not detected	common	increased
Merlin	Falco columbarius	not detected	common	increased
Mourning Dove	Zenaida macroura	not detected	common	increased
Nelson’s Sparrow	Ammospiza nelsoni	not detected	common	increased
Northern Cardinal	Cardinalis cardinalis	not detected	common	increased
Northern Gannet	Morus bassanus	not detected	common	increased
Palm Warbler	Setophaga palmarum	not detected	uncommon	increased
Peregrine Falcon	Falco peregrinus	not detected	common	increased
Pileated Woodpecker	Dryocopus pileatus	not detected	common	increased
Pine Warbler	Setophaga pinus	not detected	common	increased
Red-necked Grebe	Podiceps grisegena	not detected	uncommon	increased
Ring-billed Gull	Larus delawarensis	not detected	common	increased
Rock Pigeon	Columba livia	not detected	common	increased
Ruby-crowned Kinglet	Corthylio calendula	not detected	uncommon	increased
Semipalmated Plover	Charadrius semipalmatus	not detected	common	increased
Snowy Egret	Egretta thula	not detected	uncommon	increased
Swamp Sparrow	Melospiza georgiana	not detected	common	increased
Tennessee Warbler	Leiothlypis peregrina	not detected	uncommon	increased
Tufted Titmouse	Baeolophus bicolor	not detected	uncommon	increased
Turkey Vulture	Cathartes aura	not detected	common	increased
Veery	Catharus fuscescens	not detected	uncommon	increased
White-breasted Nuthatch	Sitta carolinensis	not detected	common	increased
White-winged Scoter	Melanitta deglandi	not detected	common	increased
Wild Turkey	Meleagris gallopavo	not detected	common	increased
Wilson’s Storm-Petrel	Oceanites oceanicus	not detected	uncommon	increased
Wood Duck	Aix sponsa	not detected	common	increased
Wood Thrush	Hylocichla mustelina	not detected	common	increased
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker	Sphyrapicus varius	not detected	uncommon	increased

Figure 2. Black-throated Blue Warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

Figure 3. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

Figure 4. Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

Noteably Decreasing Species

Table 2. This table shows the species that exhibited noteable decreases in abundance since the 1880’s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

Click to show table

common.name	scientific.name	frequency.1880	frequency.current	freq.changes
American Woodcock	Scolopax minor	common	rare	decreased
Bank Swallow	Riparia riparia	common	rare	decreased
Black-billed Cuckoo	Coccyzus erythropthalmus	common	rare	decreased
Black-crowned Night-Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax	common	very rare	decreased
Black-legged Kittiwake	Rissa tridactyla	uncommon	very rare	decreased
Canada Warbler	Cardellina canadensis	common	rare	decreased
Chimney Swift	Chaetura pelagica	common	rare	decreased
Cliff Swallow	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	common	very rare	decreased
Passenger Pigeon	Ectopistes migratorius	rare	extinct	decreased
Pine Siskin	Spinus pinus	common	rare	decreased
Ruffed Grouse	Bonasa umbellus	common	rare	decreased
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher	Empidonax flaviventris	common	rare	decreased

Figure 5. American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

Figure 6. Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

Figure 7. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris) distribution across MDI. Data provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

All Decreasing Species

Table 3. This table shows the species we know to have descreased in abundance since the 1880’s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

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common.name	scientific.name	frequency.1880	frequency.current	frequency.changes
American Woodcock	Scolopax minor	common	rare	decreased
Bank Swallow	Riparia riparia	common	rare	decreased
Bay-breasted Warbler	Setophaga castanea	common	uncommon	decreased
Black-billed Cuckoo	Coccyzus erythropthalmus	common	rare	decreased
Black-crowned Night-Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax	common	very rare	decreased
Black-legged Kittiwake	Rissa tridactyla	uncommon	very rare	decreased
Boreal Chickadee	Poecile hudsonicus	rare	very rare	decreased
Canada Warbler	Cardellina canadensis	common	rare	decreased
Chimney Swift	Chaetura pelagica	common	rare	decreased
Eastern Kingbird	Tyrannus tyrannus	uncommon	rare	decreased
Indigo Bunting	Passerina cyanea	rare	very rare	decreased
Nashville Warbler	Leiothlypis ruficapilla	common	uncommon	decreased
Pied-billed Grebe	Podilymbus podiceps	rare	very rare	decreased
Pine Siskin	Spinus pinus	common	rare	decreased
Ring-necked Duck	Aythya collaris	rare	very rare	decreased
Ruddy Turnstone	Arenaria interpres	uncommon	rare	decreased
Ruffed Grouse	Bonasa umbellus	common	rare	decreased
Short-billed Dowitcher	Limnodromus griseus	uncommon	rare	decreased
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher	Empidonax flaviventris	common	rare	decreased
Eastern Whip-poor-will	Antrostomus vociferus	rare	very rare	decreased
Passenger Pigeon	Ectopistes migratorius	rare	extinct	decreased
Cliff Swallow	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	common	very rare	decreased
Purple Martin	Progne subis	rare	very rare	decreased

Total Species List Changes

Table 4. This table breaks down of all species recorded by the Champlain Society with their frquency status from the 1880’s and today. If you look at the ‘Changes in Frequency’ column you can see how these species have changed from historic times. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by eBird and iNaturalist.

Click to show table

common.name	scientific.name	frequency.1880	frequency.current	frequency.changes
Alder Flycatcher	Empidonax alnorum	common	common	no change
American Bittern	Botaurus lentiginosus	rare	uncommon	increased
American Black Duck	Anas rubripes	common	common	no change
American Crow	Corvus brachyrhynchos	common	common	no change
American Goldfinch	Spinus tristis	common	common	no change
American Redstart	Setophaga ruticilla	common	common	no change
American Robin	Turdus migratorius	common	common	no change
American Woodcock	Scolopax minor	common	rare	decreased
Bald Eagle	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	common	common	no change
Bank Swallow	Riparia riparia	common	rare	decreased
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	common	common	no change
Barred Owl	Strix varia	uncommon	common	increased
Bay-breasted Warbler	Setophaga castanea	common	uncommon	decreased
Belted Kingfisher	Megaceryle alcyon	common	common	no change
Black Guillemot	Cepphus grylle	common	common	no change
Black Scoter	Melanitta americana	rare	uncommon	increased
Black-and-white Warbler	Mniotilta varia	common	common	no change
Black-billed Cuckoo	Coccyzus erythropthalmus	common	rare	decreased
Black-capped Chickadee	Poecile atricapillus	common	common	no change
Black-crowned Night-Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax	common	very rare	decreased
Black-legged Kittiwake	Rissa tridactyla	uncommon	very rare	decreased
Black-throated Green Warbler	Setophaga virens	common	common	no change
Blackburnian Warbler	Setophaga fusca	common	common	no change
Blue Jay	Cyanocitta cristata	rare	common	increased
Blue-headed Vireo	Vireo solitarius	common	common	no change
Bobolink	Dolichonyx oryzivorus	uncommon	uncommon	no change
Bonaparte’s Gull	Chroicocephalus philadelphia	uncommon	common	increased
Boreal Chickadee	Poecile hudsonicus	rare	very rare	decreased
Broad-winged Hawk	Buteo platypterus	common	common	no change
Brown Creeper	Certhia americana	rare	common	increased
Canada Warbler	Cardellina canadensis	common	rare	decreased
Cedar Waxwing	Bombycilla cedrorum	common	common	no change
Chestnut-sided Warbler	Setophaga pensylvanica	common	common	no change
Chimney Swift	Chaetura pelagica	common	rare	decreased
Chipping Sparrow	Spizella passerina	common	common	no change
Common Loon	Gavia immer	uncommon	common	increased
Common Nighthawk	Chordeiles minor	common	common	no change
Common Tern	Sterna hirundo	common	common	no change
Common Yellowthroat	Geothlypis trichas	common	common	no change
Dark-eyed Junco	Junco hyemalis	common	common	no change
Downy Woodpecker	Dryobates pubescens	common	common	no change
Eastern Kingbird	Tyrannus tyrannus	uncommon	rare	decreased
Eastern Phoebe	Sayornis phoebe	rare	common	increased
Golden-crowned Kinglet	Regulus satrapa	common	common	no change
Great Blue Heron	Ardea herodias	common	common	no change
Greater Yellowlegs	Tringa melanoleuca	uncommon	common	increased
Hairy Woodpecker	Dryobates villosus	common	common	no change
Hermit Thrush	Catharus guttatus	common	common	no change
Herring Gull	Larus argentatus	common	common	no change
Indigo Bunting	Passerina cyanea	rare	very rare	decreased
Leach’s Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates leucorhous	rare	rare	no change
Least Sandpiper	Calidris minutilla	common	common	no change
Lesser Yellowlegs	Tringa flavipes	uncommon	common	increased
Magnolia Warbler	Setophaga magnolia	common	common	no change
Nashville Warbler	Leiothlypis ruficapilla	common	uncommon	decreased
Northern Flicker	Colaptes auratus	common	common	no change
Northern Harrier	Circus hudsonius	rare	uncommon	increased
Northern Parula	Setophaga americana	common	common	no change
Northern Waterthrush	Parkesia noveboracensis	rare	rare	no change
Osprey	Pandion haliaetus	common	common	no change
Ovenbird	Seiurus aurocapilla	common	common	no change
Pied-billed Grebe	Podilymbus podiceps	rare	very rare	decreased
Pine Siskin	Spinus pinus	common	rare	decreased
Purple Finch	Haemorhous purpureus	common	common	no change
Red Crossbill	Loxia curvirostra	rare	common	increased
Red-breasted Nuthatch	Sitta canadensis	common	common	no change
Red-eyed Vireo	Vireo olivaceus	common	common	no change
Red-winged Blackbird	Agelaius phoeniceus	uncommon	common	increased
Ring-necked Duck	Aythya collaris	rare	very rare	decreased
Ruby-throated Hummingbird	Archilochus colubris	common	common	no change
Ruddy Turnstone	Arenaria interpres	uncommon	rare	decreased
Ruffed Grouse	Bonasa umbellus	common	rare	decreased
Savannah Sparrow	Passerculus sandwichensis	common	common	no change
Semipalmated Sandpiper	Calidris pusilla	common	common	no change
Sharp-shinned Hawk	Accipiter striatus	uncommon	common	increased
Short-billed Dowitcher	Limnodromus griseus	uncommon	rare	decreased
Solitary Sandpiper	Tringa solitaria	rare	common	increased
Song Sparrow	Melospiza melodia	common	common	no change
Spotted Sandpiper	Actitis macularius	common	common	no change
Swainson’s Thrush	Catharus ustulatus	common	common	no change
Tree Swallow	Tachycineta bicolor	common	common	no change
Vesper Sparrow	Pooecetes gramineus	rare	rare	no change
White-throated Sparrow	Zonotrichia albicollis	common	common	no change
White-winged Crossbill	Loxia leucoptera	rare	uncommon	increased
Wilson’s Warbler	Cardellina pusilla	rare	rare	no change
Winter Wren	Troglodytes hiemalis	common	common	no change
Yellow Warbler	Setophaga petechia	common	common	no change
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher	Empidonax flaviventris	common	rare	decreased
Yellow-rumped Warbler	Setophaga coronata	common	common	no change
Eastern Whip-poor-will	Antrostomus vociferus	rare	very rare	decreased
Passenger Pigeon	Ectopistes migratorius	rare	extinct	decreased
Cliff Swallow	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	common	very rare	decreased
Purple Martin	Progne subis	rare	very rare	decreased

Methodological Information

The historical dataset from the Champlain Society was collected from early July through the first week of September 1880-1883. To properly compare these data to modern day, we used eBird and iNaturalist data filtered to the same early July through the first week of Septemeber time frame, and to the same number of years (4) from 2018-2021. To compare how often these species were/are detected, we had to create a qualitative descriptor properly assinged to the species as the historical dataset did not allow for a quantitative analysis. These designations were assigned based on the Champlain Society’s notes, and other sources describing bird abundance around that time. For the modern dataset we used a count of the number of times a species was reported and designated a category based on these bins: < 5 = ‘very rare’, 5 > 20 = ‘rare’, 20 > 50 = ‘uncommon’, > 50 = ‘common.’

During the analysis, we compared these detection frequencies across modern and historic times, and separated into their own tables (the ‘Notably’ increasing or decreasing tables) species with changes greater than one category less common or more common. So, for example if a species was common in the 1880s but is now uncommon, that would not fall into the notable changes. Whereas, if a species was common in the 1880s but is now rare, that would qualify as a noteably decreasing species. Considering the qualitative nature of our data with broad bins in which species were assigned, this makes it very difficult to distinguish fine scale details. So the larger the change the more confident we can be in saying that the species trend we are observing is true.

Insects

Summary

How have insects species changed from 1900 to now? To answer this question, we first delved into the efforts of the iNaturalist community and compared this to a historical collection of insects compiled by Proctor in the early 1900’s. On the initial look at these data, there was a stark diffence between the two datasets. Proctor had collected 1360 species, while the iNaturalist community over the last 10 years only identified 362 species. A lot of can be contributed to the difference in methods, collection vs. the far less invasive photo documentation of iNaturalist. While iNaturalist methods are much safer and less invasive, there are limiations as many insects can only be identified to species in the hand with equipment such as loops, microscopes, etc. This means we need your help!! Community efforts by citizens scientists are invaluable and can accomplish documentation on scales matched by no other. In order to properly make inferences from the iNaturalist dataset, we need more effort in and around Acadia National Park to document more species that are present in the area.

The modern iNaturalist community identified 274 of the 1360 species (20%) that Proctor documented in the 1900’s. Interestingly, the rest of those 362 species identified by the iNaturalist community (specificially 88 species) were not recorded by Proctor’s efforts were likely not present in the early 1900’s (Table 1). For a full look at the species diversity between all families, see Figure 1.

We also wanted to look more specifically at pollinating insects, and we saw a similar trend to the total dataset. There were 199 pollinating species recorded by iNaturalist, and 762 recorded by Proctor. iNaturalist recorded 134 of the 762 pollinating species (only 10%) that Proctor documented. iNaturalist also identified 65 species that were not recorded by Proctor (Table 2).

Modern Species not Recorded by Proctor

Table 1. This table shows the 88 species that the iNaturalist community identified over the past 10 years, that were not recorded by Proctor in the 1900s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by iNaturalist and the National Park Service.

Click to show table

order	super.family	family	scientific.name	common.name
Lepidoptera	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Acleris forsskaleana	Maple Leaftier Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Acronicta fallax	Green Marvel
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Acronicta funeralis	Funerary Dagger
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Acronicta insita	Large Gray Dagger
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Acronicta oblinita	Smeared Dagger
Lepidoptera	Pyraloidea	Crambidae	Anania hortulata	Small Magpie
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Anatrytone logan	Delaware Skipper
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Apantesis figurata	Figured Tiger Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Apantesis virgo	Virgin Tiger Moth
Lepidoptera	Zygaenoidea	Limacodidae	Apoda biguttata	Shagreened Slug Moth
Lepidoptera	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Archips dissitana	Boldly-marked Archips Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Arctia parthenos	St. Lawrence Tiger Moth
Lepidoptera	Gelechioidea	Gelechiidae	Arogalea cristifasciella	White Stripe-backed Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Nolidae	Baileya doubledayi	Doubleday’s Baileya Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Bellura obliqua	Cattail Borer Moth
Hymenoptera	Apoidea	Apidae	Bombus griseocollis	Brown-belted Bumble Bee
Hymenoptera	Apoidea	Apidae	Bombus impatiens	Common Eastern Bumble Bee
Lepidoptera	Bombycoidea	Saturniidae	Callosamia promethea	Promethea Silkmoth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Calophasia lunula	Toadflax Brocade Moth
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Carterocephalus mandan	Arctic Skipper
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Lycaenidae	Celastrina lucia	Northern Azure
Lepidoptera	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Cenopis reticulatana	Reticulated Fruitworm Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Chytolita morbidalis	Morbid Owlet
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Coenonympha california	Common Ringlet
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Cycnia tenera	Delicate Cycnia Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Notodontidae	Datana contracta	Contracted Datana Moth
Lepidoptera	Pyraloidea	Crambidae	Donacaula longirostrallus	Long-beaked Donacaula Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Doryodes spadaria	Dull Doryodes Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Elaphria alapallida	Pale-winged Midget
Lepidoptera	Pyraloidea	Crambidae	Eoparargyractis plevie
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Epargyreus clarus	Silver-spotted Skipper
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Erynnis juvenalis	Juvenal’s Duskywing
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Euchaetes egle	Milkweed Tussock Moth
Lepidoptera	Zygaenoidea	Limacodidae	Euclea delphinii	Spiny Oak-slug Moth
Lepidoptera	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Eucosma ochroterminana	Buff-tipped Eucosma Moth
Lepidoptera	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Eucosma parmatana	Aster Eucosma Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Eudryas grata	Beautiful Wood-nymph
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Eupsilia vinulenta	Straight-toothed Sallow
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Feltia herilis	Master’s Dart
Lepidoptera	Pterophoroidea	Pterophoridae	Geina buscki	Buck’s Plume Moth
Lepidoptera	Gelechioidea	Autostichidae	Gerdana caritella
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Lycaenidae	Glaucopsyche lygdamus	Silvery Blue
Lepidoptera	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum	Dotted Gymnandrosoma Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Haploa clymene	Clymene Moth
Lepidoptera	Bombycoidea	Sphingidae	Hemaris aethra	Diervilla Clearwing
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Hypena manalis	Flowing-line Snout
Lepidoptera	Pyraloidea	Pyralidae	Hypsopygia olinalis	Yellow-fringed Dolichomia Moth
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Idaea dimidiata	Single-dotted Wave
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Lethe anthedon	Northern Pearly-eye
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Lethe appalachia	Appalachian Brown
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Limenitis arthemis arthemis	American White Admiral
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Lithophane baileyi	Bailey’s Pinion Moth
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Lon hobomok	Hobomok Skipper
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Lophocampa caryae	Hickory Tussock Moth
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Lycaenidae	Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas	Eastern American Copper
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Macaria aemulataria	Common Angle
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Macaria pustularia	Lesser Maple Spanworm Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Maliattha synochitis	Black-dotted Glyph
Lepidoptera	Bombycoidea	Sphingidae	Manduca sexta	Carolina Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Megisto cymela	Little Wood Satyr
Lepidoptera	Pyraloidea	Crambidae	Microcrambus biguttellus	Gold-striped Grass-veneer
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Mycterophora inexplicata	Pale-edged Snout Moth
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Nematocampa resistaria	Horned Spanworm Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Neoligia exhausta	Exhausted Brocade
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Noctua pronuba	Large Yellow Underwing
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Nymphalis l-album	Compton Tortoiseshell
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Oligia strigilis	Marbled Minor
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Panopoda rufimargo	Red-lined Panopoda Moth
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Papilionidae	Papilio canadensis	Canadian Tiger Swallowtail
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Papilionidae	Papilio polyxenes	Black Swallowtail
Lepidoptera	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Pelochrista derelicta	Derelict Pelochrista Moth
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Phyciodes cocyta	Northern Crescent
Lepidoptera	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Platynota exasperatana	Exasperating Platynota Moth
Lepidoptera	Pyraloidea	Pyralidae	Pococera expandens	Striped Oak Webworm Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Psectraglaea carnosa	Pink Sallow
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Rheumaptera prunivorata	Cherry Scallop Shell Moth
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Lycaenidae	Satyrium liparops	Striped Hairstreak
Lepidoptera	Pyraloidea	Crambidae	Scoparia biplagialis	Double-striped Scoparia Moth
Lepidoptera	Gelechioidea	Gelechiidae	Scrobipalpula manierreorum
Lepidoptera	Pyraloidea	Crambidae	Sitochroa palealis	Carrot Seed Moth
Lepidoptera	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Sparganothis tristriata	Three-streaked Sparganothis Moth
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Speyeria cybele	Great Spangled Fritillary
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Sphinx poecila	Northern Apple Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Hepialoidea	Hepialidae	Sthenopis pretiosus	Gold-spotted Ghost Moth
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Thymelicus lineola	Essex Skipper
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Xanthotype	Crocus Geometer Moths
Hymenoptera	Apoidea	Apidae	Xylocopa virginica	Eastern Carpenter Bee
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Zanclognatha laevigata	Variable Fan-foot

Table 2. This table shows the 65 pollinating species that the iNaturalist community identified and were not recorded by Proctor in the 1900s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by iNaturalist and the National Park Service.

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order	super.family	family	scientific.name	common.name
Hymenoptera	Apoidea	Apidae	Bombus griseocollis	Brown-belted Bumble Bee
Hymenoptera	Apoidea	Apidae	Bombus impatiens	Common Eastern Bumble Bee
Hymenoptera	Apoidea	Apidae	Xylocopa virginica	Eastern Carpenter Bee
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Idaea dimidiata	Single-dotted Wave
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Macaria aemulataria	Common Angle
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Macaria pustularia	Lesser Maple Spanworm Moth
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Nematocampa resistaria	Horned Spanworm Moth
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Rheumaptera prunivorata	Cherry Scallop Shell Moth
Lepidoptera	Geometroidea	Geometridae	Xanthotype	Crocus Geometer Moths
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Anatrytone logan	Delaware Skipper
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Carterocephalus mandan	Arctic Skipper
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Epargyreus clarus	Silver-spotted Skipper
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Erynnis juvenalis	Juvenal’s Duskywing
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Lon hobomok	Hobomok Skipper
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Hesperiidae	Thymelicus lineola	Essex Skipper
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Lycaenidae	Celastrina lucia	Northern Azure
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Lycaenidae	Glaucopsyche lygdamus	Silvery Blue
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Lycaenidae	Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas	Eastern American Copper
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Lycaenidae	Satyrium liparops	Striped Hairstreak
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Acronicta fallax	Green Marvel
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Acronicta funeralis	Funerary Dagger
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Acronicta insita	Large Gray Dagger
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Acronicta oblinita	Smeared Dagger
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Bellura obliqua	Cattail Borer Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Calophasia lunula	Toadflax Brocade Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Elaphria alapallida	Pale-winged Midget
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Eudryas grata	Beautiful Wood-nymph
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Eupsilia vinulenta	Straight-toothed Sallow
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Feltia herilis	Master’s Dart
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Lithophane baileyi	Bailey’s Pinion Moth
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Maliattha synochitis	Black-dotted Glyph
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Neoligia exhausta	Exhausted Brocade
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Noctua pronuba	Large Yellow Underwing
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Oligia strigilis	Marbled Minor
Lepidoptera	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Psectraglaea carnosa	Pink Sallow
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Coenonympha california	Common Ringlet
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Lethe anthedon	Northern Pearly-eye
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Lethe appalachia	Appalachian Brown
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Limenitis arthemis arthemis	American White Admiral
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Megisto cymela	Little Wood Satyr
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Nymphalis l-album	Compton Tortoiseshell
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Phyciodes cocyta	Northern Crescent
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Nymphalidae	Speyeria cybele	Great Spangled Fritillary
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Papilionidae	Papilio canadensis	Canadian Tiger Swallowtail
Lepidoptera	Papilionoidea	Papilionidae	Papilio polyxenes	Black Swallowtail
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Aellopos titan	Titan Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Ceratomia undulosa	Waved Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Darapsa choerilus	Azalea Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Dolba hyloeus	Pawpaw Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Eumorpha pandorus	Pandorus Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Bombycoidea	Sphingidae	Hemaris aethra	Diervilla Clearwing
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Hemaris diffinis	Snowberry Clearwing
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Hemaris gracilis	Slender Clearwing
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Hemaris thysbe	Hummingbird Clearwing
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Hyles gallii	Bedstraw Hawkmoth
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Lapara bombycoides	Northern Pine Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Bombycoidea	Sphingidae	Manduca sexta	Carolina Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Pachysphinx modesta	Modest Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Paonias excaecata	Blinded Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Paonias myops	Small-eyed Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Smerinthus cerisyi	One-eyed Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Sphinx chersis	Great Ash Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Sphinx drupiferarum	Wild Cherry Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Sphinx kalmiae	Laurel Sphinx
Lepidoptera	Sphingoidea	Sphingidae	Sphinx poecila	Northern Apple Sphinx

Comparisons by Insect Families

Figure 1. Comparison of the number of species by family from modern iNaturalist data and historical data collected by Proctor in the 1900’s. Data collected on Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA, and provided by iNaturalist and the National Park Service.